Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
2
Ph.D. Student in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
3
MSc of Family Clinical Psychology, Department of Family Clinical Psychology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Objective: This narrative review examines the emergence, psychological and social consequences, and mitigation strategies of cognitive dissonance in digital environments. As users increasingly encounter contradictory information, algorithmic content curation, and socially evaluative online spaces, cognitive dissonance has become a central factor shaping attitudes, behaviors, and patterns of digital engagement.
Method: Nineteen empirical and theoretical studies published between 2010 and 2024 were synthesized using a narrative review approach to identify core mechanisms, impacts, and explanatory models.
Results: Cognitive dissonance in digital contexts arises from informational conflict, cognitive–affective tension, social pressure, and algorithmic exposure. These mechanisms contribute to emotional strain, anxiety, information avoidance, polarization, and reduced dialogue quality. Three theoretical models—Expressed vs. Private Opinions, Social Network, and Social Evolution—explain how individual‑level dissonance can scale into collective and structural transformations. Although users employ strategies such as information management, cognitive literacy, and truth‑oriented messaging, many coping responses are short‑term and avoidance‑based.
Conclusions: Cognitive dissonance functions as a cumulative and evolving process in digital environments, influencing both individual well‑being and broader social dynamics. Future research should adopt longitudinal, cross‑cultural, and multi‑platform approaches and develop evidence‑based interventions to support healthier digital engagement.
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