School Psychology
Lida Malekzade; Elaheh Hejazi; Sara Aghababaei; Nasrin Zamani
Abstract
Scientific thinking is a type of knowledge seeking involving intentional information seeking, including asking questions, testing hypotheses, making observations, recognizing patterns, and making inferences. The purpose of this research was designing a package of scientific thinking training and its ...
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Scientific thinking is a type of knowledge seeking involving intentional information seeking, including asking questions, testing hypotheses, making observations, recognizing patterns, and making inferences. The purpose of this research was designing a package of scientific thinking training and its ‘effect on problem-solving skill in preschool children. For this purpose, a study was designed in two steps. At first time, based on Kuhn theory and by reviewing and analysing available resources, the scientific thinking training package was designed. This teaching package includes discussions between the researchers and the child about stories with topics related to children's environment that they may not have encountered in everyday situations in the form of questions. At second step, in order to determine the effect of scientific thinking training on problem-solving, 30 children aged 5 to 6 (15 girls-15 boys) with a moderate score in Raven intelligence test was chosen from three primary schools. Subjects were trained individually in scientific thinking for 8 sessions. Data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Findings showed that teaching scientific thinking significantly improves problem solving skills (p <005) and this effect is stable over time. The results of this study show that preschool education and interaction with teacher is an opportunity to provide stimulus situations appropriate to children's abilities, and provide conditions for improving problem-solving.
School Psychology
Asma Yazdi; Javad Hatami
Abstract
During the Coronavirus pandemic, online classes and exams became popular to protect people's health. Despite the benefits, there were security issues and exam cheating. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the amount and type of cheating in online and face-to-face exams using a qualitative ...
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During the Coronavirus pandemic, online classes and exams became popular to protect people's health. Despite the benefits, there were security issues and exam cheating. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the amount and type of cheating in online and face-to-face exams using a qualitative method. The statistical population was all male and female students of the sixth grade of Pirbakran city in the academic year 2021-2022. In this research, a mixed rural school was selected using available sampling method and a structured face-to-face interview was conducted with all 14 sixth-grade students of the school. The interview questions were written and checked in MAXQDA software version 2020. From the analysis of the interviews, it was concluded that the rate of student cheating in online tests is much higher than that in face-to-face tests. The most common methods of cheating in online tests are the use of textbooks, the help of classmates, and the use of the Internet. Also, the most common method of cheating in face-to-face exams was the help of a classmate, and they considered the objective questions in the exams to be one of the important reasons for the ease of cheating. According to the findings of the research, the exams should be held in person as much as possible. In order to reduce cheating in the design of face-to-face and online tests, it is better to use more conceptual, in-depth and descriptive questions not published on the Internet browser; design different questions for students and explain the importance of studying and the negative points of cheating for students; replace four-choice questions with explanatory questions; increase the distance between the students in the face-to-face exam and control to prevent the presence of embedded fraud; not to answer the questions by the invigilators, and check students' pockets and hands in order to prevent cheating and avoid providing them with multiple draft sheets.
School Psychology
Fereshteh Fatehnejat; amanolah soltani; Vida Andishmand; Alireza Manzari Tavakoli
Abstract
Given that academic procrastination originates from various factors, two of the most important factors in this field are cyberspace addiction and executive functions. Therefore, this research aims to model structural equations for predicting academic procrastination based on cyberspace addiction and ...
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Given that academic procrastination originates from various factors, two of the most important factors in this field are cyberspace addiction and executive functions. Therefore, this research aims to model structural equations for predicting academic procrastination based on cyberspace addiction and executive functions. The research method is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research includes 8150 female first-secondary school students in the city of Kerman in the academic year 2022-2023; according to Morgan's table, 384 people have been selected as a sample using stratified random sampling. Widyanto and McMorran's (2004) cyberspace dependence, Brief's (2000) executive functions, and Solomon and Rothbloom's (1984) academic procrastination questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was done with SPSS25 and AMOS24 software, and descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and structural equation modeling were used. The research results showed that the model for predicting academic procrastination based on dependence on cyberspace and executive functions has an acceptable fit. There is a significant relationship between cyberspace addiction, executive functions, and academic procrastination (p<0.05), so cyberspace addiction and executive functions simultaneously explain 0.70 of the variance of academic procrastination. Therefore, it can be concluded that the high dependence on cyberspace and spending much time aimlessly in this space cause students to procrastinate in doing their homework and to suffer from a kind of procrastination in academic subjects. Also, defects in executive functions aggravate the academic procrastination of students.
School Psychology
Mansour Balali; Jamal sadeghi; Alireza Homayouni
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the intermediating role of self-regulation in the relationship between mathematical educational beliefs and students' math anxiety. The descriptive method was correlation sort which is based on structural equations. The statistical subjects of this study were selected ...
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This study aimed to investigate the intermediating role of self-regulation in the relationship between mathematical educational beliefs and students' math anxiety. The descriptive method was correlation sort which is based on structural equations. The statistical subjects of this study were selected from 2710 male students in the ninth grade of secondary school in public schools in the 4th district of Tehran in the educational years 2020-2021. In this study, 300 students were chosen by a two-step cluster method as the sample size, to collect data, Plake and Parker’s Math Anxiety Questionnaire (1982), Ledder & Forgasz’s Math Educational Beliefs Questionnaire (2002), and Sawari & Arabzadeh’s Self-Regulation Questionnaire (2013) were applied. Structural equation modeling(SEM) with SPSS 18 and AMOS23 were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that math educational beliefs and self-regulation have a direct effect on students' math anxiety (p<0.01)., and mathematical educational beliefs have an indirect effect on math anxiety with mediating of self-regulation (p<0.01), and the research model was approved. This study shows the importance of educational cognitive elements in math anxiety and it is suggested that the educational systems set plans to improve students' positive educational and cognitive beliefs and as a results decrease anxiety in educational settings especially math anxiety.
School Psychology
Elnaz Abedi; Emad Yousefi; Leila Khajepour; Soheila Jokar
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to model the structural relationships between academic adjustment and mindfulness with the mediation role of academic hope emotion and academic anxiety emotion. This research adopted a descriptive correlational design using the structural equation modelling. The statistical ...
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The purpose of the present study was to model the structural relationships between academic adjustment and mindfulness with the mediation role of academic hope emotion and academic anxiety emotion. This research adopted a descriptive correlational design using the structural equation modelling. The statistical population included all secondary school female students in Bushehr city in 2022-2023, and based on Cochran’s formula and Random clustering sampling method, 256 people were selected. In order to examine the research variables of the participants, the mindfulness scale Drotman, Galub, Ogansianrid (2018), the compatibility questionnaire High school students completed the Sinha and Singh (1993) and Pakrun, Goetz, Tietz and Perry (2002) academic excitement scale. analyses were done by the structural equation modeling method. The findings showed that the research model has a good fit with the collected data. The findings indicated that the structural relationship of between academic adjustment and mindfulness with the mediation role of academic hope emotion and academic anxiety emotion had an optimal fit. The findings showed that mindfulness was able to predict academic adjustment either indirectly through the emotion of academic hope and emotion of academic anxiety. In general, the findings of the current research show the role of emotion of academic hope and the emotion of academic anxiety in relationships between mindfulness and academic adjustment.It can be concluded that the requirement to increase the academic adjustment of students is to pay attention to their mindfulness, academic hope and academic anxiety.
School Psychology
Ataollah Mahmodi; Yahya Yarahmadi; Omid Moradi
Abstract
Considering the recent change in teaching methods from teacher-centered to student-centered, and the existence of a gap in student-centered education models, this research aimed to design a reverse learning model and investigate the effectiveness of the resulted educational program on the academic engagement ...
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Considering the recent change in teaching methods from teacher-centered to student-centered, and the existence of a gap in student-centered education models, this research aimed to design a reverse learning model and investigate the effectiveness of the resulted educational program on the academic engagement and the sense of belonging to the school of the senior high school students. The research was developmental in nature, with a sequential exploratory mixed-method design adopting meta-synthesis and quasi-experimental approach. The research scope included all scientific articles and documents published from 2011 to 2021. The validity of the articles was checked via the CASP, the validity and reliability of the meta-synthesis was checked by the Laushe and the Scott’s pi tests respectively. Finally, to implement the educational intervention, 40 male and female senior high school students of Bukan were selected by standardized random sampling method and assigned to two groups of experimental and control. The research instruments included Rio's academic engagement questionnaire (2013), Brown and Evans' (2002) sense of belonging to school questionnaire as well as the researcher designed reverse learning package. Based on the meta-synthesis of the related studies, 4 categories, 8 concepts, and 23 codes for reverse learning were discovered, labeled, and confirmed based on which, a training package was designed and implemented in 10 sessions of 45 minutes. The results showed that reverse learning model has a positive and significant effect on students' academic engagement and belonging to school (sig<0.05).
School Psychology
Mahnaz Akhavan Tafti; Niloofar Esmaeili; Salehe Piryaei; Shirin Mohamadzadeh; Seyedeh Paniz Parvar
Abstract
This study quantitatively explored a causal model of the association between two focal self-regulation constructs (executive functioning and effortful control) and social school readiness in preschoolers. The population comprised all preschool children and their mothers who resided in Tehran (2018-2019). ...
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This study quantitatively explored a causal model of the association between two focal self-regulation constructs (executive functioning and effortful control) and social school readiness in preschoolers. The population comprised all preschool children and their mothers who resided in Tehran (2018-2019). With the help of their mothers, 342 children with a mean age of five years completed the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB; 1994), the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (Very Short Form) – (CBQ-VSF; 2006), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; 2001), and the Social School Readiness Scale (1982). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS 22. Effortful control and socio-emotional competence significantly affected social school readiness (p<0.01). Moreover, executive functioning affected social school readiness, mediated by effortful control in the alternative model (p<0.01). These findings expand the existing early childhood research by specifying the link between two major aspects of self-regulation and social-emotional school readiness. An integrative approach considering the behavioral and neuropsychological measurements of self-regulation would help elucidate the predictors of social school readiness in early childhood.
School Psychology
Zahra Hajmohammadi; kobra Hajializadeh; Roghayeh Arteshdar
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Neurofeedback (NFB) Therapy with Play Therapy in improving attention and cognitive function in students with Learning Disorder (LD). This study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of the research ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Neurofeedback (NFB) Therapy with Play Therapy in improving attention and cognitive function in students with Learning Disorder (LD). This study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of the research was about 600 elementary school students with LD in Lar city in 2017 (N=212). A sample of 60 LD children who were identified in schools was selected by multistage cluster random sampling and randomly divided into four groups fifteen-three experimental and one control group. The tools used in the study were the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) (Wechsler, 2003) and integrated visual and auditory continuous performance (IVA) (Sandford and Turner, 1995). NFB training was done according to the guidelines recommended by Monastra et al. (2005) in 20 sessions and play therapy cognitive performance and attention therapy were done according to the guidelines recommended by Drewes (2009) in 20 sessions, while no intervention was performed in the control group. Data were analyzed by the covariance analysis method. The results showed that NFB and play therapy were effective in increasing cognitive performance (p<0.01) and attention (p<0.01) compared to the control group. The combination of play therapy and NFB intervention was more effective on cognitive performance and attention rather than the two interventions separately. According to the results, it is recommended that therapists and clinical psychologists use NFB and play therapy to increase the sustained attention and working memory of students with LD.
School Psychology
Mojtaba Ebrahimi; Rajab Ali Mohammadzadeh; Ali Asghar Shojaei
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to model the structural relationships of job stressors and teachers' autonomy support with mediation of emotional exhaustion. This research was descriptive of the correlation type by the method of structural equations. The statistical population included all the teachers ...
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The purpose of the present study was to model the structural relationships of job stressors and teachers' autonomy support with mediation of emotional exhaustion. This research was descriptive of the correlation type by the method of structural equations. The statistical population included all the teachers of first and second grade of secondary schools in Noor’s and Chamestan’s public schools in the academic year of 2019-2020, that based on Cochran’s formula and stratified random sampling method, 240 people were selected. The tools of this research were the job stressor factors questionnaire of Otero-Lopez et al. (2006), the teacher as social context questionnaire Welborn et al. (1992) and the teachers’ burnout inventory of Maslach et al. (1996). All analyzes were done by structural equation modeling method. The findings indicated that the structural relationship model of job stressors and teachers' autonomy support with the mediation of emotional exhaustion in teachers of first and second grade of secondary schools has favorable fit and significance. In this research, all the direct and indirect paths that lead to the prediction of teachers' autonomy support have been significant. The research’s results indicate that job stressors have a direct and indirect effect, through emotional exhaustion, on teachers' autonomy support and also emotional exhaustion directly affects autonomy support. Addressing these variables can be effective in solving the problems of teachers' autonomy support and increasing it.
School Psychology
Pantea Birang Khojastehpour; Fariborz Dortaj; Fatemeh Ghaemi
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to provide a structural model of social-emotional competence based on psychological capital with the mediation of career motivation among primary teachers. The correlation method was applied in this cross-sectional research. The statistical population of the present ...
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This study was conducted in order to provide a structural model of social-emotional competence based on psychological capital with the mediation of career motivation among primary teachers. The correlation method was applied in this cross-sectional research. The statistical population of the present study was consisted of all teachers who were teaching in the elementary schools of Tehran in 2021-2022 and among them 350 people were selected by multi-stages cluster-sampling method. Psychological capital (Luthans, 2007), career motivation (Robinson, 2004) and social-emotional competence (Boyatzis, 2007) methods were applied which had acceptable validity and reliability. SPSS-V23 and Lisrel-V7.8 software were applied in order to analyze the data. Structural equation modeling was used to respond to the research hypotheses. The research findings suggested that psychological capital has a direct effect on social-emotional competencies of elementary teachers (p<0.05). Psychological capital has an indirect effect on social-emotional competencies of primary teachers (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that the indirect effect of psychological capital along with social-emotional competencies mediated by career motivation was confirmed by 95% confidence. Therefore, social-emotional competencies can play a better role in increasing their career motivation through making psychological capital among teachers.
School Psychology
Vahidreza Pourtaghi; Mahboubeh Fouladchang; Esfandiar Azad; Mohammad Bagher Hasanvand
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Philosophy for Children Course on aspects of students' school engagement. School engagement is a structure indicating that students can create personal relationships with their teachers in addition to the educational content. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Philosophy for Children Course on aspects of students' school engagement. School engagement is a structure indicating that students can create personal relationships with their teachers in addition to the educational content. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental study was conducted on 7th-grade students (n=128) from 4 classes at the same school as the intervention and control groups. In the current quasi-experimental, pre-test, and post-test study, the independent variable was the philosophy for children (P4C) program (ten 60 minute sessions) and the dependent variables were the school engagement aspects including behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and agency engagements. To analyze the data ANOVA was used. The findings indicated that the score of all four aspects of school engagement were significantly higher in the intervention group who attended the Philosophy for Children Program than those of the control group. Based on the obtained results, 28.2% of changes in total school engagement were attributed to the P4C program. The results show a significant increase in school engagement and its aspects. Philosophy for Children Program can be used to create an educational atmosphere with the highest relationship to students’ curriculum in which the students can rule out their learning behaviors with high motivation.
School Psychology
Elham Amirizad; Moloud Keykhosrovani; Naser Amini; Keivan Kakabraee
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of domain-specific and domain-general precursors of mathematical training on preschoolers' number sense and estimation. This study adopted a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest-follow-up design. The statistical population comprised all preschoolers in ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of domain-specific and domain-general precursors of mathematical training on preschoolers' number sense and estimation. This study adopted a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest-follow-up design. The statistical population comprised all preschoolers in Kermanshah (Iran) in 2020. Using multi-stage cluster random sampling, a sample of 45 was selected and allocated to three groups (15 per group). The data were collected using the short form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), the Number Sense Screener, and the PLUS test (number estimation). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean (SD) of IQ was 95.91 (4.21) in the working memory group and 97.78 (3.38) and 96.66 (4.03), respectively, in the number estimation and control groups. In the linear combination of number estimation variables in terms of group membership, the group x time interaction was significant on the pretest, posttest, and follow-up (p<0.01). The difference in the mean scores of the working memory, number estimation, and control groups was also significant on the variable of number sense (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two training methods on the posttest and follow-up, and both interventions exerted the same effect on improving number sense and estimation.
School Psychology
Nazanin Noorshahi; Taher Tizdast; Mohammad Ali Rahmani
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between academic self-actualization, self-regulation, and classroom socio-psychological climate with students' academic motivation with the mediation of achievement emotions in high school students. The statistical population of this cross-sectional ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the association between academic self-actualization, self-regulation, and classroom socio-psychological climate with students' academic motivation with the mediation of achievement emotions in high school students. The statistical population of this cross-sectional correlational study consisted of all high school students in Tehran in 2019, with 485 students selected using multistage cluster sampling. The research instruments included the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), Self-Actualization Scale (SAS), Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), Classroom Socio-psychological climate, and Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) in SPSS and Lisrel software. The results showed that academic self-actualization, achievement emotions, and classroom socio-psychological climate had a positive association with academic motivation in the high school students (p<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant association between self-regulation and academic motivation among the students (p<0.01). The findings indicated that academic self-actualization, self-regulation, and classroom socio-psychological climate had an effect on students' academic motivation, with achievement emotions acting as a mediator (p<0.01).
School Psychology
Fatemeh Razm; Fariba Hafezi; Fatemeh Sadat Marashian; Farah Naderi; Zahra Dashtbozorgi
Abstract
Identifying the contributors to students’ academic performance and progress creates an approach for planning, developing, and perfecting educational programs. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of flipped teaching and problem-solving methods on the sense of responsibility ...
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Identifying the contributors to students’ academic performance and progress creates an approach for planning, developing, and perfecting educational programs. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of flipped teaching and problem-solving methods on the sense of responsibility and problem-solving ability in mathematics among female high school students in Ahvaz. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all female high school students in Ahvaz in 2019. Using the convenience sampling method, 75 students were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (flipped teaching and problem-solving method) and a control group (n= 25 per group). The control group received the traditional teaching method. The research instruments included the Responsibility Questionnaire and Problem-Solving Style Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in productive and unproductive problem-solving styles among the students (p < 0.01). Also, the flipped teaching and problem-solving methods increased the sense of responsibility in the students, compared to the traditional method. According to the results, the effectiveness of flipped teaching was more effective compared to problem-solving methods on the productive and unproductive problem-solving styles and sense of responsibility. Consequently, the flipped teaching and problem-solving methods can be used to promote problem-solving styles and a sense of responsibility among students.
