Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate of Counseling, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Counseling, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Psychology, Bologna University, Bologna, ItalyViale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna, Italy

Abstract

The present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of group counseling of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on internet addiction and cognitive emotion regulation in high school students. The research design was quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest type and a two-month follow-up with a control group. The population consisted of all male high school students in Takestan city in the academic year 2020-2021. The sample comprised 30 high school male students selected through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group then received 10 sessions of 90-minute group counseling of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were gathered by Young’s Internet Addiction Questionnaire (IAQ) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The researcher also used multivariate analysis of covariance, repeated measures, LSD post hoc test and SPSS-26 software for data analysis. The results of comparing the experimental and control groups indicated that group counseling of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a significant effect on Internet addiction in high school students (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the results showed that Group counseling of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a significant effect on cognitive emotion regulation (P < 0.01). The findings indicated that group counseling of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is an effective intervention in reducing Internet addiction and cognitive emotion regulation of secondary high school students.

Keywords

Abooei, A., Barzegar Bafrooee, K., & Rahimi, M. (2021). The effectiveness of self-compassion training on emotion regulation of female students with specific learning disorder. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies18(43), 121-101.‏  https://doi.org/10.22111 /JEPS.2021.6495
Ahmad, F., El Morr, C., Ritvo, P., Othman, N., Moineddin, R., & MVC Team. (2020). An eight-week, web-based mindfulness virtual community intervention for students’ mental health: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health7(2), e15520.‏ https://doi.org/10.2196/15520
Ahmadi, M., Nikomanesh, Z., & Farnam, A. (2021). Effectiveness of stress-based mindfulness therapy on the students' feelings of loneliness and internet addiction. Pajouhan Scientific Journal19 (4), 1-9.‏ https://doi.org/10.52547/psj.19.4.1
Alavi, S.S., Jannatifard, F., Marasi, M.R., & Rezapour, H. (2010). Evaluation of psychometric properties of GPIUS Internet Addiction Questionnaire in student users of Isfahan universities in 2009. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 11 (40), 38-51.
Andrés, M. L., Richaud de Minzi, M. C., Castañeiras, C., Canet-Juric, L., & Rodríguez-Carvajal, R. (2016). Neuroticism and depression in children: The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The Journal of Genetic Psychology177(2), 55-71.  https://doi.org /10.1080/00221325.2016.1148659
Bordick, D. (2017). Mindfulness skills for the children and adolescents. Monshe’ie GR, Asli Azad A, Hoseini L, Tayebi P. (Persian translator). First edition. Isfahan: Isfahan Islamic Azad University publication (Khorasgan), 369-375.
Chiodelli, R., Mello, L. T., & Jesus, S. N. (2018). Effects of a brief mindfulness-based intervention on emotional regulation and levels of mindfulness in senior students. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica31.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0099-7
Evans, S. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. In Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (pp. 145-154). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_13
Ferrara, P., Corsello, G., Ianniello, F., Sbordone, A., Ehrich, J., Giardino, I., & Pettoello-Mantovani, M. (2017). Internet addiction: starting the debate on health and well-being of children overexposed to digital media. The Journal of Pediatrics191(1), 280-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.054
Fu, L., Wang, P., Zhao, M., Xie, X., Chen, Y., Nie, J., & Lei, L. (2020). Can emotion regulation difficulty lead to adolescent problematic smartphone use? A moderated mediation model of depression and perceived social support. Children and Youth Services Review108(1), 104660-104673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104660
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences41(6), 1045-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010
Hasani, J. (2010). The psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ). Journal of Clinical Psychology2(3), 73-84.‏ https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2031
Hedayatizafarghandi, S., Emamipour, S., & Rafiepoor, A. (2021). Evaluation of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy on emotion regulation skills. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences64(1).223-236‏ https://doi.org/ 10.22038/mjms.2021.18853
Lan, Y., Ding, J. E., Li, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., & Fu, H. (2018). A pilot study of a group mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for smartphone addiction among university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions7(4), 1171-1176.  https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.103
Lin, M. P. (2020). Prevalence of internet addiction during the COVID-19 outbreak and its risk factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health17(22), 8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17228547
Lu, W.,  Lee, K.,  Ko, Ch.,  Hsiao, R.C.,  Hu, H., &  Yen, Ch. (2017). Relationship between borderline personality symptoms and Internet addiction: The mediating effects of mental health problems. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6 (3), 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.053
Mihalca, A. M., & Tarnavska, Y. (2013). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social functioning in adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sbspro.2013.06.312
Mohades, N., Khanjani, Z., & Aqdasi, A. N. (2020). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on the emotion regulation difficulties components of students with conduct disorder. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation12(48), 63-83.‏ https://doi.org/ 10.30495/jinev.2020.672761
Moniri, R., Pahlevani Nezhad, K., & Lavasani, F. F. (2022). Investigating anxiety and fear of COVID-19 as predictors of internet addiction with the mediating role of self-compassion and cognitive emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry,13(6), 841870. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.841870
Narimani, M., Alisari Nasirlou, K., & Mosazadeh, T. (2014). The effect of excitement-focused therapy and impulse control on educational burnout and positive and negative training emotions in students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3(3), 79-99. https://doi.org/10. 3393.3.6
Qureyshi, M., & Behboodi, M. (2017). The effectiveness of group reality therapy training on emotion regulation and increasing academic self-efficacy of female students. Bimonthly Scientific Research Journal of Social Health, 4 (3), 233-243. https://doi.org/ 10.22037/ch.v4i3.15462
Regan, T., Harris, B., Van Loon, M., Nanavaty, N., Schueler, J., Engler, S., & Fields, S. A. (2020). Does mindfulness reduce the effects of risk factors for problematic smartphone use? Comparing frequency of use versus self-reported addiction. Addictive Behaviors108(10), 106435. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106435
Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Theoretical Rationale and Empirical Status, 5(15), 118-131
Shahidi, S., Akbari, H., & Zargar, F. (2017). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on emotion regulation and test anxiety in female high school students. Journal of Education And Health Promotion6(87), 155-160. https://doi.org10. 4103/jehp.jehp_98_16
Shamli, M., Mo’tamedi, A., & Borjali, A. (2018). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on Internet gambling addiction mediated by self-control and emotion variables in adolescent boys. Culture of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 9 (33), 137-161. https://doi.org/10.22054/QCCPC.2018. 25865.1635
Sipe, W. E., & Eisendrath, S. J. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: theory and practice. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry57(2), 63-69. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/070674371205700202
Sobhi Qaramaleki, N., Hajjlu, N., & Babaei, K. (2014). The effectiveness of time management skills training on students' procrastination. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 4 (15), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1176/cpb.1998.1.237
Tang, A. C. Y., & Lee, R. L. T. (2021). Effects of a group mindfulness-based cognitive programme on smartphone addictive symptoms and resilience among adolescents: study protocol of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Nursing20(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00611-5
Throuvala, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). School-based prevention for adolescent internet addiction: Prevention is the key. A systematic literature reviews. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(6), 507-525. https://doi.org/10.2174/ 1570159X16666180813153806
Williams, J. M. G., & Kuyken, W. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A promising new approach to preventing depressive relapse. The British Journal of Psychiatry200 (5), 359-360.  https://doi.org/10. 1192/bjp.bp.111.104745
Young, K. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyber Psychology Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.  https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998. 1.237